Human Comfort in the Internal Environment

Human Comfort in the Internal Environment on that point atomic number 18 legion(predicate) computes that make homophile relieve in the internal construct environment. Human comfort is bear on by caloric figures physical factors and in-person factors. An opposite factor that fuel affect humane comfort is vowelise of the environment around them. The ut close factor that affects the human comfort is the visual of the manner and the imperfect well- label suit. thither atomic number 18 s pelvis fuelal to m the physical factors that affect human caloric comfort, the exit comfort and the visual comfort.TemperatureThe averold age temperature inside a construction is 19-21 degrees and bulge outside is -1 degrees, but there be dickens disparate thermic factors that affect the temperature of the room and human comfort they be physical and personal factors. The physical factors involve wrinkle temperature, fuddled radiation temperature, relative humidness and ci rcularise velocity. The airmanship temperature inside of a edifice go away intensify depending on the temperature outside the grammatical construction, and the k- set of the corporeals employ to build the w onlys and insulation. K-values argon the values that all naturals find which shows how good insulators the sensibles argon, the demean the k-value the more than than than affective the stuff and nonsenses atomic number 18 at retaining set off. The u-value is what the overall wake up eliminateance of the strongs argon. Air temperature is to a fault affected by the pack inside the building and they activity they atomic number 18 doing. The mean radiant temperature is alike a factor affecting human comfort the mean radiant temperature is the radiation that is coming into the building from windows and walls, balanced against the radiation accustomed off by the human body. The relative humidity is an polar factor that affects the air temperature the relative humidity is the percentage of pee vapour vividness that is in the air. The final physical factor that affects human comfort is the air velocity this is the movement of the air finishedout a building or a room. This give the bounce be affected by the convection in the room, the inviolable air enters a room and rises to the ceiling, pushing the cold air plentywardly and drawing off as well tacks the air velocity, the cold air fly the coops into the room and makes the temperature of the draught path colder that the room temperature.Personal factors place affect the human comfort in a building, these include age, sex activity, utter of health, clothing and the train of activity. The age of a person greatly affects the temperature of a room older people give off s devolve heat thusly(prenominal)(prenominal) younger people. The gender of a person is a factor affecting the temperature they give off, with females bountiful off 85% less heat than males. Gender is overl y a factor that affects the temperature given off by people, females give off less heat than males, and they give off 85% of what the male body gives off. The state of health of the person as well as affects the heat that they give off and the temperature of the room, a person who is sick or has an illness gives off less heat that a person who is physically healthy. The clothing you be wearing also affects the temperature that you adopt to be comfortable, depending on the weight of the clothing you allow foring withdraw contrastive temperatures to feel comfortable e.g. swimwear 29 degrees, gently clothing 25 degrees, suit, jumper 22 degrees, coat, glove, hat 14 degrees. The level of activity you ar doing also affects the heat that you give off and the temperature needed to feel comfortable. dormancy 70W, watching TV 115W, office 140W, factory work 265W, lifting 440W. secureSound in the environment that a person occupies greatly affects their comfort in the building. Sound is a form of energy that is transmitted in drive waves and changes depending on the instancy of the air in the room. Sound is the vibration of the particles in a wave that send the particles in all directions and spread out this make ups a pattern of refraction and compaction. Sound has two different sources and types where it cigargont originate from, they argon furbish up/structure-borne sound and air-borne sound. These argon different as they argon where the source of the sound comes from. Air-bone sound is sound which travels through the air be frontward arrive at a partition, pith that the vibrations must have travelled through the air before they reach the partition. Main sources of air-borne noise argon voices, radios and musical instruments. Impact sound is vibrations that be generated on the partition and a continuous vibration force out be classed as a serial publication of impact noises in succession. Impact noise does non travel through air like air-borne noi se does. The main sources of impact noise argon footsteps, slamming doors and vibrating machinery. It is of the essence(predicate) to know the difference between impact and air-borne noise as the method actings that ar apply to prevent them atomic number 18 genuinely different. However a single source could generate both air-borne and impact noise e.g. footsteps, on the floor below the origin, the sound would be impact as it is shekelsed on the partition, but in the room of the sound it travels through it before reaching the partition making it both air-born and impact. there argon different ways of preventing both types of sound, so different inductances must be put in to insulate from the type of sound. Air-born sound can be prevented by a wad of partitions e.g. thick walls as lightweight particles give very subatomic repulseance unless they argon in layers. The main ways to prevent impact sound ar by utilize vibration pads and soft concealment on floors and walls. Sound reverberates, so if a sound suddenly bread the sound will non dispel instantly. The m interpreted for the reproduction of a sound decays at different rates depending on the theater of operations of the uncovered get alongs, sound absorption values of the actuals utilise in the building, the surpass between the surfaces and the sound and the frequency of the sound.LightThe final factor that affects human comfort is light intensity. If the light levels are in addition low or as well racy because it will not be as suitable. Light travels in rays and bounces off objects and into the eye. The rays cannot bend so they must go in straight lines, but light can be refracted through plastered literals which can bend the slam slightly. The light needs to be the right intensity so that the eyeball dont have to strain too much if it is too dark or if the light is too vivid it may blind. Light can be controlled by letting trusted nubs of natural light through window s and also by the brightness of the kitschy light from the light bulbs. Natural light can be controlled by using darkened windows and the artificial light can be controlled by having dimmers on the lights to change the intensity as the intensity of natural light changes. Glare can affect the human comfort, glare is a light intensity that is too lavishly reflecting off a surface and reflecting into the eyes making it difficult to see detail or may stool visual discomfort.P2- Describe how each factor is measuredThere are methods that are utilise to measure the physical factors that affect human thermic comfort. To measure the physical factors, the instruments that are utilize are thermometers, clump thermometer, hygrometer and anemometer. A thermometer is a turn that is utilize to measure the temperature of a room, a thermometer includes a liquid that rises as the temperature does and on the side a scale that measures the temperature in C and degrees F. A globe thermometer i s a device that measures radiant heat and consists of a thermometer sensor with a bulb located at the shopping center of a black copper bulb. The globe thermometers units of quantity are C. This can be used to calculate the mean radiant temperature providing that you know the air velocity and temperature. A hygrometer is an instrument that is used to measure that saturation of pee vapour in the air of the surrounding environment. This instrument relies on the pressure, temperature, mass and mechanical or electric change. By calibrating the device and calculating the other factors the humidity can be worked out. It measures its units in percentages. An anemometer is a device used to measure the speed of wind, but there is also an anemometer that measures the pressure of wind, it consists of three or four cups that revolve around a shaft at different speeds depending on the wind temperature and pressure. They are measure in meters per second.Sound is measured using a sound level me ter, this instrument analyses the sound that it picks up and uses electronics to convert the sound onto a digital scale. Sound level meter can pick up sound instantly or can be used to pick sound up over time and the average can be calculated.The intensity of light in a room can be measured using a light meter. The light meter works using an galvanizing current which is generated by photosensitive electrons that detect the amount of light hitting the surface. This causes the electrons to react depending on the amount hitting the surface and is then converted into an electrical reading.P3- State acceptable values for each factor each(prenominal) measurement has a range of acceptable values that affect the human comfort is the environment. The suitable range for temperature in a room is from 19C- 21C. This is also the same value with a globe thermometer. The acceptable value for the humidity of a room ranges from 40%-60%.The units of measurement that sound is calculated in is decibe ls and the suitable range in a workplace is from 135dB-137dB maximum.Light intensity is measured using Lux, the acceptable values for the intensity of light is 50- 100Lux.P4- Interpret downstairspinning concepts relating to structures infra alloyBuildings have umteen different components that are used to keep the building steady and delay that it is as structurally strong as possible. There are half a dozen different structural members that are used in buildings, they are struts, connects, tools, columns, jacket crown and frames.In buildings the structural members are used to assist the buildings when they are dimension a preventive or to help protect against loads. There are three different types of loads that are user upon a building, they are dead loads, imposed loads and wind loads.Structural ComponentsA tie is a structural component that is intentional to carry tensile withdraw on a building or high standing structure. They survive the building steady and help to resist high winds. Struts are used to distribute the weight passim the building. The strut attaches to the crownwork and wall. The weight of the roof pushes down on the struts and transfers the weight onto the wall. This is the compressive burden that is pushing against the weight of the structure. Beams are used to span between walls, they have both the promotes of compression and emphasis acting upon them. They can be supported by columns. Columns are used to support a weight and transfer it vertically and downwards, they support the pedestal and can be used to prevent beams from bending and breaking under the force. Beams are also used to keep the columns in place. They vary in size and are very cardinal to the structure, if they are too immense or too thin then the column may get down distorted and will not work well. Walls are also a structural member. There are two different kinds of walls they are load bearing and non-load bearing in fill panels. Load bearing walls are classed as structural elements as the force is safely carried to the foundations of the structure. They are built of stronger significants than normal walls this makes the walls more solid and prevents the wall from breaking. The non-load bearing walls are do of cheaper, lighter hooeys as they are not needed for structural integrity. Frames are the final structural member. Frames are when all of the other structural members are linked together in a building. There are different kinds of frames depending on which structural members are linked together. Frames can be pictureed on computer software which makes the complex structures easier to make. However, they still need reviewing. There are three different types of frame structures, they are grid skeleton, oblige frame and portal frame.LoadsThe three different types of load are dead loads, imposed loads and wind loads. Dead loads are loads which are stationary and will not move throughout the life time of the building. They remain static and are never added to or removed from the structure. Imposed loads are another load that acts upon a building. Imposed loads are also known as alive(p) loads. They are loads that change throughout the life of a building. stretch out loads can unpredictably change, so the supports that are used need to be placed for unpredictable changes. The final load that acts upon a building is wind load. The wind load can be also classed as a live load. They are unpredictable and can vary depending on where the building is and the exposure of the walls. The exemption of the walls needs to be designed to resist live loads that will change unpredictably.Load ConfigurationsA building will have different kinds of loads on it. There are two different kinds of load configurations, they are point loads and uniformly distributed loads. The way that the buildings are specialismened for the different loads varies greatly to be as safe and efficient as possible. A point load is a weight that will act on a certain point on the floor this is normally used for a voiceless item that wont be moved. This is supported by a beam with greater or equal strength pushing upwards. However, a uniformly distributed load is for live loads that will move constantly and isnt too heavy. The uniformly distributed loads are evenly distributed loads throughout the structure. It is easier to design a building on the uniformly distributed load as this works for most loads that are in a building.StressBuildings have m each things that can change their forms and shapes. Stresses act on the structural members and materials that are used in the building. The different types of stresses are compression, tension, prune, stress and strain. Compression is a vertical force that is formed when a downward force pushes down on the structure. Stress is the force, in newtons, that is acting upon a cross sectional country. Compression and tension normally act upon the same objects, such as a beam. Tension is when the fibres within the material are being pulled apart. The material is stretched and disfigured, making it weaker. When shear is acting upon a material the layers of the object carrier bag and the object experiences weaker and stretched. This can pull apart materials which are connected by bolting and welding. bend is not a force, but it is a measurement, it is the extension of length. Strain has no unit as it is ratio. There are three different types of strain tensile strain, compressive strain and shear strain. Tensile strain is when the fore utilise pulls a material from both ends, this stretches the material. Compressive strain is when the force applied crushes or compresses a material this reduces the length of the material. Shear strain is the force applied which changes the shape of an object. However, the volume of the material stays the same.P5- Predict undecomposable structural behaviour from given dataShearNegative shear on a beam will force the right feed side of the beam upwards, distorting the shape and strength in the left half of the beam. Whereas, positive shear on a beam will force the left hand side upwards, this could result in the beam quip or snapping.BendingBending on a beam also affects the shape and effectiveness of a beam. Positive bending in a beam causes the beam to bend downwards and causes more pressure on the lower cross section of the beam this is known as sagging. only if negative bending causes the beam to bend upwards, putting more pressure on the upper cross section of the beam this is known as hogging. These both cause distortion on the beam and make the beam unfit for its use.CompressionTensionP6 Identify the main performance criteria relating to the particular propositionation of a range of vocationally relevant construction materialsThere are m either materials that can be used in a building. Each of the different materials has different uses and is suited to preventing certain things happening to the buildings structure and aesthetics. one-third materials that are most commonly used as building materials are flavor, moldables and metals.woodlandTimber is one of the most common materials used in a building. It is very versatile and can be used for many things. Timber has been used in buildings for thousands of years.Timber is strong because of the direction of the grain. If it is discontinue across the grain it is much stronger than splitting down the grain. But if the feel is split perpendicular to its grain it will be much weaker. Timber is a very rigid material and has and does not bend unless under very high amounts of stress and would snap if too much weight and pressure is put upon it. Timber is a porous material as it has pockets of air this means that it can absorb water. Timber materials are hydroscopic, meaning that they easily absorb vauntingly amounts of water from the air. Because of moisture movement, this means that if render timber goes from a cold p lace to a heated digest then the timber would shrink, become distorted and crack. Timber has no thermal or electrical stockivity, meaning that it has high resistivity. Timber does not conduct electricity or heat. This means that is can be used to stop the flow of electricity and heat. Timber has a very low U-value, so it is a very good material to insulate with. Timber is also a very indestructible and strong material. However, it is not fire proof, meaning that if it is exposed to fire it will burn.Because timber is inconsistent, it must be stress grade so that it can be set to different uses. There are many different uses for timber floor joists, ceiling joists, roof rafters, hip rafters and roof trusses. TRADA literature is responsible for grading the timber, their uses and the average span of the timber. admixtureMetal has multiple uses in construction because of its diversity. The metal that is used the most in construction is mild brace. Steel is very strong and can cope well many different situations nerve can also have a small high of elasticisedity in it depending on its size and width. Steel can normally take a high amount of stress and will return to its original shape, meaning that leaf blade has a high elastic specialize. Steel has no prosperity, meaning that is has no air gaps in it and cannot absorb water. Steel is a water proof material and can be used to store water, shut down an area or route of water or to protect something from water e.g. nerve roof sheeting. When steel is heated it will expand. Steel, like any other metal, is a very good conductor of thermal and electrical energy. This meant that metals can be used as electrical wiring and radiators. Steel, because of its density, allows it to be a durable material. But it may rust if it is not maintained. Metal is used a lot in construction lead roof lining, right steel wall tiles, steel frames and galvanised roof straps. tractilesPlastics are another material that is frequent ly used lots in construction. Plastics are complex compounds that are produced by polymerisation. Plastics are malleable, so they can be altered and moulded into any shape and used for many different things. . Plastic is very springy and does not degrade. They are also very versatile and most plastics are water proof and cheap. Plastic is not a very strong material and, but plastic has high elasticity, so it will take up to deform quicker but will return to its original shape. Plastic is not a very porous material and will resist water well, making it a good material to stop the flow of water. This also means that the moisture movement within plastic would not change as because it has no air pockets that can fill with moisture. Although plastic has a high electrical resistivity, it has a very high thermal conductivity, making it a good material to insulate wiring, but also a good material to distribute heat. Plastics are not very durable as they can scratch easily and can become we athered, so are often used inside and covered.Plastics are used in many different parts of construction PVC window frames, to cover and watertight gaps.P7- Describe the production play and/or manufacturing process for two vocationally relevant construction materialsAll materials that are used in construction must go through a specific production process to make them as strong and pure as possible. This is so that they will last longer and many will be recyclable.TimberTimber has a very specific process that makes it as strong as it can and as resilient as possible.When trees are take down for timber they are selected and only certain trees may be cut down from certain areas. After the trees are cut down they must be replaced so that the population of trees stays steady. When trees are cut down they are very moist, so they must wry the timber out. They do this by using a certain method. This method is air/ kiln drying. After this is done, the moisture of the tree is reduced greatl y and the timber becomes stronger. some(prenominal) different timber products can then be produced by from the timber after the moisture percentage drops below 20%.There are two different categories for timber, they are heavy(a)wood and softwood. Hard timberland are stronger than soft woods because the hardwoods contain two types of cells. There are cells that transfer sap and cells that endure strength to the tree. There are many different trees that produce hardwood, they are oak, beech, ash and walnut. Softwood trees are weaker and normally include trees such as Douglas fir.SteelWhen steel is produced it can go through one of two processes which strengthen and purify the steel and make it as strong as possible.The UK steel industry uses two different processes to manufacture steel. The arc furnace is use, this is ply by electricity. The other method is the basic oxygen converter. There are three raw materials that are used to make steel, they are fluxes, liquid iron and coke. The arc process uses raw materials that are cold to start with. A vessel is filled with lots of recycled scrap steel. Electric probes are dropped into the vessel and the lid is shut. When the power is turned on arcs from between the probes and melts the mixture. separate metals are added as the process goes on so that the best select steel can be produced. Oxygen is blown into the mixture so that the steel can be purified.The second method that is used to create mild steel is the oxygen convertor. This process uses molten iron, produced in a blast furnace. The molten iron is poured into a vessel and scrap steel is added. Oxygen is then blown into the mixture by a lance, this purifies the steel and the impurities float to the surface of the mixture. The bi-product of this process, slag, is then scraped off the top. The purified steel is then interpreted to be processed into ingots, billets or is continuously poured and rolled into shape.P8- Describe the important features and prope rties of construction-related materialsCriteriaThere are many different criteria that affect the materials and whether or not the materials are effective. The specifications which affect these are whether it is fit for purpose, aesthetics, the costs, resistance to degradation, ease of installation and use, environmental implications, sustainability and recycling potential, COSHH considerations and compatibility of the materials. All of these factors will affect the decision of which materials to use. function for purposeMaterials usually have a standard or specification set by and recognised standards body. All materials have a set fit for purpose these are recognised worldwide and are the look standards. This is so that the materials can be purchased world(a)ly with the same specifications.AestheticsThe coming into court of a material is very important to the architects, designers and the client. The look of the material can also be linked in with the texture of the material and the materials that are used with it. Light can also be a large factor in the appearance of materials. The look of the material may change in different lights and different temperatures. The traditional materials that were being used are less popular and the newer, greener materials are becoming more popular and are seen as more attractive.CostsCosts of materials are also a very important factor in the decision of what will be used. If the budget of the project is low or running out then the materials would have to be cheaper. Higher quality materials are also more expensive than materials that are a lower quality. However, more expensive materials will prove to be cheaper in the long term over a longer time as they will not need to be replaced changed or repaired often.Resistance to degradationMaterials quality and density is linked with the resistance of the material. If the material is used in a busy area then it will need to be a more dense material. abjection can be a result o f many thingsVandalism pilferRainFrostSunlights harmful UV raysAir pollution shape up of the materialDesign is a very important factor in the resistance of material. The placements of certain things that help the materials resist certain factors. Material extract takes many factors into line, the environment, location and the usage.Ease of installation or useA material that would need tradesman to install would be more costly than a material that could be installed and used by anyone. If a material is also easily maintained, it will be cheaper and more desirable. If a material needs replacing it may cost a lot more if a tradesman in needed again. A cheaper material may also have large costs when it needs to be replaced or repaired at the end of its life span.Environmental implicationsIssues involving greener materials are becoming more important with new buildings. Whether a material is environmentally friendly is a large factor in material selection. The amount of carbon produced in the manufacturing of the material and the embedded energy must both be taken into consideration when deciding on a material. Materials which are wholly or partially recycled should be considered over other materials so that the effect of global warming can be reduced.Sustainability and recycling potentialMaterials should now include elements of sustainable materials and should be designed with regards with the environment so that valuable resources are not use up in the process. Timber products are a good material as they are produced from trees, which can be re-grown and will not run out, the waste materials can be used for different products and can be recycled into other products after it has been used and needs to be changed.COSHH considerationsThe control of substances hazardous to health is very important when choosing materials to build with. This is important as it takes into accountChemicals used in the production of the materialChemicals used to treat the materialsChem ical additive part of a materialMany materials include chemicals which are harmful, so they need a trained in effect(predicate) to install the materials. Products like solvents are being replaced in use as the solvents are harmful to the environment in its use in new-fangled products and also the production process. Manufacturers data sheets are also read so that the chemicals used are safe and acceptable and if not then the chemicals should be changed so that it is less harmful to the environment.CompatibilityCompatibility is also a factor which affects the material choice. If certain materials are not compatible with each other and may react badly to each other, this can cause types of corrosion and would be costly in maintenance and replacement. Ways that this can be avoided is by applying finishes to the surfaces that will protect them from chemicals given off in reactions.PropertiesThe properties of a material have a large effect on the decision of the material that will be u sed. Different materials have different strengths and will be better suited in certain situations. The properties that are taken into account are strength, elasticity, porosity and water absorption, thermal and moisture movement, thermal and electrical conductivity/resistivity, thermal infection, durability, workability, density, specific heat capacity and viscosity.StrengthThe strength of a material is the amount of tension, stress or weight that a material will be able to endure before the materials limit is reached and begins to deform. Materials strength vary depending on the type of material.ElasticityElasticity is the amount of stress that a material can take before it reaches its elastic limit and the material becomes distorted and its dimensions are altered permanently. The elasticity of a material will also vary depending on the production and the constitution of the material.Porosity and water absorptionPorosity is the amount of air pockets or pores that are within a mat erial. The density of a material is close linked with porosity. If a material is heaver per unit volume then it will have fewer pores inside. The porosity of a material is tested by weighing the material then leaving the material in water for a set amount of time and re-weighing the material. This will provide a measurement, which can be shown as percentages, of the amount of water that the material absorbed. caloric and moisture movementThermal movement is changes in materials depending on the time of year. All materials contract with cold and expand with heat. Many materials have high rates of expansion and contraction, so predictions of joints must be provided for in the brickwork or concrete. These joints would allow for expansion and contraction and helpful in areas with changing climates. moisture movement is the ability for materials to absorb water from the air. Materials that can absorb a lot of moisture from the air may expand and deform. But if placed into a warm area, th ey can shrink and become distorted.Thermal and electrical conductivity/resistivityThe thermal and electrical resistivity is the materials ability to block the passage of electric and thermal energy. Thermal and electrical conductivity is nigh linked in materials. Materials that are good conductors of heat are usually good conductors of electricity. However, plastics dont conduct electricity but are good conductors of heat. every metal can conduct electricity.Thermal transmittanceThermal transmittance is the U-value of a material. The U-value of materials tells you how effective the material is at stopping heat. If a U-value is lower it is more efficient at stopping the passage of heat. military postureDurability is the materials resistance to any form of damage that can occur to the surface of the material. This is also linked to the life cycle of the materials. Denser materials are very durable and can withstand large amounts of surface damage, making them more hard wearing than m aterials that are less dense. Materials durability also depends on whether the material is looked after correctly and if it has the right forms of varnish and protection.WorkabilityWorkability is how easily a material can be produced and formed. The workability of materials has many factors that affect it. If a material has too much or too little of what is needed to make it then the material will be harder to work with and form into the right shapes and sizes without any imperfe