Battle of Mill Springs - Civil War Battle of Mill Springs

Battle of Mill Springs - Civil War Battle of Mill Springs The Battle of Mill Springs - Conflict: The Battle of Mill Springs was an early battle in the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Brigadier General George H. Thomas4,400 men Confederate Major General George Crittenden5,900 men Battle of Mill Springs - Date: Thomas defeated Crittenden on January 19, 1862. Battle of Mill Springs - Background: In early 1862, Confederate defenses in the West were led by General Albert Sidney Johnston and were thinly spread from Columbus, KY east to the Cumberland Gap. A vital pass, the gap was held by the brigade of Brigadier General Felix Zollicoffer as part of Major General George B. Crittendens Military District of Eastern Tennessee. Having secured the gap, Zollicoffer moved north in November 1861, to position his forces closer to Confederate troops in Bowling Green and to take control of the area around Somerset. A military novice and former politician, Zollicoffer arrived at Mill Springs, KY and elected to move across the Cumberland River rather than fortify the heights around the town. Taking a position on the north bank, he believed that his brigade was in a better position to strike at Union troops in the area. Alerted to Zollicoffers movement, both Johnston and Crittenden ordered him to recross the Cumberland and situate himself on the more defensible south bank. Zollicoffer refused to comply, believing that he lacked sufficient boats for the crossing and citing concerns that he could be attacked with his men divided. Battle of Mill Springs - The Union Advances: Aware of the Confederate presence in Mill Springs, the Union leadership directed Brigadier General George H. Thomas to move against Zollicoffer and Crittendens forces. Arriving at Logans Crossroads, approximately ten miles north of Mill Springs, with three brigades on January 17, Thomas paused to await the arrival of a fourth under Brigadier General Albin Schoepf. Alerted to the Union advance, Crittenden ordered Zollicoffer to attack Thomas before Schoepf could reach Logans Crossroads. Departing on the evening of January 18, his men marched nine miles through rain and mud to reach the Union position by morning. Battle of Mill Springs - Zollicoffer Killed: Attacking at dawn, the tired Confederates first encountered Union pickets under Colonel Frank Wolford. Pressing his attack with the 15th Mississippi and 20th Tennessee, Zollicoffer soon encountered stubborn resistance from the 10th Indiana and 4th Kentucky. Taking a position in a ravine forward of the Union line, the Confederates made use of the protection it provided and maintained a heavy fire. As the fighting lulled, Zollicoffer, conspicuous in a white rain coat, moved to reconnoiter the lines. Becoming confused in smoke, he approached the 4th Kentuckys lines believing them to be Confederates. Before he could realize his mistake, he was shot and killed, possibly by Colonel Speed Fry, commander of the 4th Kentucky. With their commander dead, the tide began to turn against the rebels. Arriving on the field, Thomas quickly took control of the situation and stabilized the Union line, while increasing pressure on the Confederates. Rallying Zollicoffers men, Crittenden committed the brigade of Brigadier General William Carroll to the fight. As the fighting raged, Thomas ordered the 2nd Minnesota to maintain their fire and pushed forward the 9th Ohio. Battle of Mill Springs - Union Victory: Advancing, the 9th Ohio succeeded in turning the Confederate left flank. Their line collapsing from the Union attack, Crittendens men began fleeing back towards Mill Springs. Frantically crossing the Cumberland, they abandoned 12 guns, 150 wagons, over 1,000 animals, and all of their wounded on the north bank. The retreat did not end until the men reached the area around Murfreesboro, TN. Aftermath of the Battle of Mill Springs: The Battle of Mill Springs cost Thomas 39 killed and 207 wounded, while Crittenden lost 125 killed and 404 wounded or missing. Believed to have been intoxicated during the fighting, Crittenden was relieved of his command. The victory at Mill Springs was one of the first triumphs for the Union and saw Thomas open a breach in the western Confederate defenses. This was quickly followed by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grants victories at Forts Henry and Donelson in February. Confederate forces would not control the Mill Springs area against until the weeks before the Battle of Perryville in autumn 1862. Selected Sources Mill Springs Battlefield AssociationNational Park Service: Battle of Mill SpringsCivil War Trust: Battle of Mill Springs

Texts often represent women as victims in a patriarchal society. Discuss.

Texts often represent women as victims in a patriarchal society. Discuss. The female perspective is a critical element that has been persistently neglected throughout cultures due to the prevalence of the patriarchy. This has meant that literature itself manifests as a male institution, shaped by men's minds and voices who view the female experience as trivial and unworthy of consideration. Therefore, being unable to express their own perspectives and discriminated against in their writings, women are a marginalized group. But, in their portrayal, are they truly victims of a patriarchal society? Certainly Sylvia Plath's Daddy (1962) paints a despairing picture of suppression and inner anguish, a woman driven mad by the men in her life - though is this really the case? For Ania Walwicz challenges this concept of a helpless damsel in distress by subverting the traditional fairytale in Little Red Riding Hood (1982), thus undermining masculine values about women and their sexuality. Through the examination of these two texts, the extent of women's victimizatio n by a patriarchal society can be determined.An engraving from the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor.

The other main cause of Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The other main cause of Global Warming - Essay Example The term global warming and its effects on the earth’s surface are not new, especially in a world where the impact is devastating. In fact, Global warming has greatest threat to worldwide economic and social systems. Global warming can be termed as the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of green house gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels (Haldar 1). Global warming has in effect taken the center stage in the scientists struggle to reverse the endangering effects of climate change and replenish the environment. Agriculture, mining, manufacturing activities among others are the most listed alternative causes of global warming when carbon dioxide is exempted. Other causes of global warming that have been given central attention in efforts to save our environment include among others natural causes. Natural causes are created and affected by nature without human’s contribution. One of the most known natural causes of global warming is the spontaneous release of methane gas in wetlands and tundra forests, mainly found in the Arctic region. Global warming becomes a serious and complex issue because the surface of the earth does not cool primarily by means of radiation but rather cools by evaporation and convention. This is contributed by the changing of temperature. With the increasing atmospheric temperature, the rate of evaporation is also escalating leading to increase in the volume of water vapor in the earth’s atmosphere.... Trees and vegetation has a natural process of photosynthesis which absorb carbon dioxide. Worst still is that the effect off deforestation is felt in two dimensions. One is where the trees are cut down thus unable to trap carbon dioxide and the other is that the same trees are used as a source of energy which also contributes to carbon emission. Global warming becomes a serious and complex issue because the surface of the earth does not cool primarily by means of radiation but rather cools by evaporation and convention. This is contributed by the changing of temperature. With the increasing atmospheric temperature, the rate of evaporation is also escalating leading to increase in the volume of water vapor in the earth’s atmosphere. As described by Maslin, increased water vapor in the atmosphere has effects of compacting to form a natural blanket that finally traps and hinders terrestrial radiation from escaping from the earth’s atmosphere (12). Due to increase in global temperatures, the precipitation patterns change causing alteration of natural processes and the arrangement and function of the ecological unit. This significantly contributes to global warming. In addition, increased use of inorganic fertilizers such as nitrogenous fertilizers has largely contributed to global warming (Maslin 10). Nitrogenous fertilizers are reacting in the soil and produce nitrogen oxide and nitric acid, which are catalysts to the process of global warming. Fertilizers and carbon dioxide are two major items to improve crop yield, so control global warming will influence the crop yield more or less. The increasingly populace around the world has

Why has United Nations been more successful than League of Nations Essay

Why has United Nations been more successful than League of Nations - Essay Example Any comparison between the two international bodies as League of Nations and United Nations can be done only by tracing their origin.In order to amply answer the thesis question, one needs to analyze in details the prevailing world situation when these two bodies were formed. One needs to appreciate that both the bodies were formed in the aftermath of World Wars that ravaged a large part of the developed world when nations tired of war were thinking of some permanent solution to banish war for ever from the face of the earth. The nations thought of creating some international supervisory body that would mediate and diffuse tensions that might brew between nations and ensure that such tensions never spill over into full fledged armed conflict. The bane of war was very much realized by all the combatants what with European economy in tatters after the savagery and mindless destruction that was unleashed during the two World Wars. It seemed that all parties concerned had come to their s enses and have realized the hard way that war can never be a solution; one war inevitably leads to other wars more savage and more ferocious than the previous one. The stage was set, as one would assume, for the creation of one such international body at the end of First World War. This body would, or at least those who took leading part in its formation thought so, would be an international mediator that would diffuse the glowing embers of a potential armed confrontation before it turned into an uncontrollable inferno (Knock, 1995). Inception of League of Nations By mid-December 1918 World War I was practically over, the shooting part, that is, and USS George Washington was approaching French coastline with US President Woodrow Wilson on board. The President was buoyant with notions of setting up a world order that would usher in everlasting peace in world. The idea and mission was surely a laudable one but little did the President know of the pitfalls that lay ahead in implementin g his grandiose and eminently lofty plans that would prevent forever any war from erupting into a frenzy of genocide and destruction. This effort of his earned him the Nobel Prize for peace in 1919 but Wilson was perhaps not aware that his allies were determined that Germany atone for her sins by paying heavily and were in no mood to forgive and forget and start afresh. But why blame only the European nations? Many Americans also feared that the birth of any multinational body like the League of Nations would take on the role of a global monitor and prevent member nations from pursuing their independent foreign policies. This strain of isolationism had pervaded foreign policy relations of United States right from its arrival on the international scene as a power of consequence. This trait perhaps had a direct link with its geographical location being bound on either sides by oceans and thus not having to share boundaries with equally powerful nations as most European countries had t o. Canada on the north and Mexico on the south were so inferior in military and economic strength as compared to itself that United States had never faced the predicament of dealing with a prickly and potentially dangerous neighbor. Hence, the general feeling among American public was not favorable towards the formation of an international body. They, instead, felt their independence in charting their foreign policy course to be much more important than engaging in some sort of understanding and compromise with fellow developed countries so that a World war is never repeated. League of Nations thus started its journey amid much misgivings and mutual distrust and was doomed perhaps even before it was formally brought into being (Lerner, 2004).

First-order logic Essay Example for Free

First-order logic Essay 1. (Philosophy) the academic discipline concerned with making explicit the nature and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigating the intelligibility of concepts by means of rational argument concerning their presuppositions, implications, and interrelationships; in particular, the rational investigation of the nature and structure of reality (metaphysics), the resources and limits of knowledge (epistemology), the principles and import of moral judgment (ethics), and the relationship between language and reality (semantics) 2. (Philosophy) the particular doctrines relating to these issues of some specific individual or school the philosophy of Descartes 3. (Philosophy) the critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a discipline the philosophy of law 4. (Literary Literary Critical Terms) Archaic or literary the investigation of natural phenomena, esp alchemy, astrology, and astronomy 5. any system of belief, values, or tenets 6. a personal outlook or viewpoint 7. serenity of temper phi†¢los†¢o†¢phy (f l? s ? fi) n. , pl. -phies. 1. the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. 2. a system of philosophical doctrine: the philosophy of Spinoza. 3. the critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge: the philosophy of science. 4. a system of principles for guidance in practical affairs: a philosophy of life. 5. a calm or philosophical attitude. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason,mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. [3] In more casual speech, by extension, philosophy can refer to the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group. The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. [5][6][7] The introduction of the terms philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. [8] https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Philosophy http://www. thefreedictionary. com/philosophy Branches of Philosophy Main branches of philosophy Traditionally, there are five main branches of philosophy. They are: †¢ Metaphysics, which deals with the fundamental questions of reality. †¢ Epistemology, which deals with our concept of knowledge, how we learn and what we can know. †¢ Logic, which studies the rules of valid reasoning and argumentation †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, which is concerned with human values and how individuals should act. †¢ Aesthetics or esthetics, which deals with the notion of beauty and the philosophy of art. http://www. philosophy-index. com/philosophy/branches/ Aesthetics Aesthetics is the area of philosophy which covers the concepts of beauty and art. â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder† There are two basic standings on the nature of beauty: objective and subjective judgement. Subjective judgement of beauty suggests that beauty is not the same to everyone — that which aesthetically pleases the observer is beautiful (to the observer). Alternatively, those partial to the objective description of beauty try to measaure it. They suggest that certain properties of an object create an inherent beauty — such as symmetry and balance. Both Plato and Aristotlesupported the objective judgement. Some, such as Immanuel Kant, took a middle path, holding that beauty is of a subjective nature, but there are qualities of beauty which have universal validity. Classical and Modern Aesthetics The classical concepts behind aesthetics saw beauty in nature, and that art should mimic those qualities found in nature. AristotlesPoetics describes this idea, which he develops from Platos teachings. Modern aesthetic ideas, including those of Kant, stress the creative and symbolic side of art — that nature does not always have to guide art for it to be beautiful. Epistemology Epistemology is the area of philosophy that is concerned with knowledge. The main concerns of epistemology are the definition of knowledge, the sources of knowledge (innate ideas, experience, etc. ), the process of acquiring knowledge and the limits of knowledge. Epistemology considers that knowledge can be obtained throughexperience and/or reason. Defining Knowledge A primary concern of epistemology is the very definition of knowledge itself. The traditional definition, since Plato, is that knowledge is justified true belief, but recent evaluations of the concept have shown supposed counterexamples to this definition. In order to fully explore the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things, the various conceptions of what knowledge is must first be understood. Definition of knowledge Sources of Knowledge The sources of knowledge must also be considered. Perception, reason, memory, testimony, introspection and innate ideas are all supposed sources of knowledge. Scepticism There also seems to be reason to doubt each of these sources of knowledge. Could it be that all knowledge is fallible? If that is the case, do we really know anything? This is the central question to the problem of scepticism. Ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy concerned with human conduct and its moral value. There are generally three branches of ethics: †¢ Meta-ethics, which is concerned with questions about what whether or not morality exists, and what it consists of if it does; †¢ Normative ethics, which is concerned with how moral values should be developed; and †¢ Applied ethics, which deals with how moral values can be applied to specific cases. Logic Logic is the systematic process of valid reasoning through inference — deriving conclusions from information that is known to be true. It is the area of philosophy that is concerned with the laws of valid reasoning. Symbolic Logic Symbolic logic is the method of representing logical expressions through the use of symbols and variables, rather than in ordinary language. This has the benefit of removing the ambiguity that normally accompanies ordinary languages, such as English, and allows easier operation. There are many systems of symbolic logic, such as classical propositional logic, first-order logic and modal logic. Each may have seperate symbols, or exclude the use of certain symbols. Logical Symbols The following table presents several logical symbols, their name and meaning, and any relevant notes. The name of the symbol (under â€Å"meaning† links to a page explaining the symbol or term and its use). Note that different symbols have been used by different logicians and systems of logic. For the sake of clarity, this site consistently uses the symbols in the left column, while the â€Å"Notes† column may indicate other commonly-used symbols. |Symbol |Meaning |Notes | |Operators (Connectives) | | ¬ |negation (NOT) |The tilde ( ? ) is also often used. | |?|conjunction (AND) |The ampersand ( ) or dot (  · ) are also often used. | |? |disjunction (OR) | This is the inclusive disjunction, equivalent to and/or in English. | |? |exclusive disjunction (XOR) |? means that only one of the connected propositions is true, equivalent to either†¦or. Sometimes ? is | | | |used. | || |alternative denial(NAND) |Means â€Å"not both†. Sometimes written as ^ | |v |joint denial (NOR) |Means â€Å"neither/nor†. | | |conditional(if/then) |Many logicians use the symbol? instead. This is also known as material implication. | |- |biconditional (iff) |Means â€Å"if and only if† ? is sometimes used, but this site reserves that symbol for equivalence. | |Quantifiers | |? |universal quantifier |Means â€Å"for all†, so ? xPx means that Px is true for every x. | |? |existential quantifier |Means â€Å"there exists†, so ? xPxmeans that Px is true for at least one x. | |Relations | |? |implication |? ? ? means that ? follows from? | |? |equivalence |Also ?. Equivalence is two-way implication, so ? ? ? means? [pic] ? and ? [pic] ?. | |? |provability |Shows provable inference. ? [pic] ? means that from ? we can prove that ?. | |? |therefore |Used to signify the conclusion of an argument. Usually taken to mean implication, but often used to | | | |present arguments in which the premises do not deductively imply the conclusion. | |? |forces |A relationship between possible worlds and sentences in modal logic. | |Truth-Values | |? |tautology |May be used to replace any tautologous (always true) formula. | |? |contradiction |May be used to replace any contradictory (always false) formula. Sometimes â€Å"F† is used. | |Parentheses | |( ) |parentheses |Used to group expressions to show precedence of operations. Square brackets [ ] are sometimes used to | | | |clarify groupings. | |Set Theory | |?. |membership |Denotes membership in a set. Ifa ? ?, then a is a member (or an element) of set ?. | |? |union |Used to join sets. If S and T are sets of formula, S ? T is a set containing all members of both. | |? |intersection |The overlap between sets. If S and T are sets of formula, S ? Tis a set containing those elemenets that | | | |are members of both. | |? |subset |A subset is a set containing some or all elements of another set. | |? |proper subset |A proper subset contains some, but not all, elements of another set. | |= |set equality |Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements. | |? |absolute complement |? (S) is the set of all things that are not in the set S. Sometimes written as C(S), S or SC. | |- |relative complement |T S is the set of all elements in T that are not also in S. Sometimes written as T \ S. | |? |empty set |The set containing no elements. | |Modalities | |? |necessarily |Used only in modal logic systems. Sometimes expressed as [] where the symbol is unavailable. | |? |possibly |Used only in modal logic systems. Sometimes expressed as where the symbol is unavailable. | Propositions, Variables and Non-Logical Symbols. The use of variables in logic varies depending on the system and the author of the logic being presented. However, some common uses have emerged. For the sake of clarity, this site will use the system defined below. |Symbol |Meaning |Notes | |A, B, C †¦ Z |propositions |Uppercase Roman letters signify individual propositions. For example, P may symbolize the proposition â€Å"Pat is | | | |ridiculous†. P and Q are traditionally used in most examples. | |? , ? , ? †¦ ? |formulae |Lowercase Greek letters signify formulae, which may be themselves a proposition (P), a formula (P ?Q) or several | | | |connected formulae (? ? ? ). | |x, y, z |variables | Lowercase Roman letters towards the end of the alphabet are used to signify variables. In logical systems, these | | | |are usually coupled with a quantifier, ? or ? , in order to signify some or all of some unspecified subject or | | | |object. By convention, these begin with x, but any other letter may be used if needed, so long as they are defined | | | |as a variable by a quantifier. | |a, b, c, †¦ z |constants |Lowercase Roman letters, when not assigned by a quantifier, signifiy a constant, usually a proper noun. For | | | |instance, the letter â€Å"j† may be used to signify â€Å"Jerry†. Constants are given a meaning before they are used in | | | |logical expressions. | |Ax, Bx †¦ Zx |predicate symbols |Uppercase Roman letters appear again to indicate predicate relationships between variables and/or constants, | | | |coupled with one or more variable places which may be filled by variables or constants. For instance, we may | | | |definite the relation â€Å"x is green† as Gx, and â€Å"x likes y† as Lxy. To differentiate them from propositions, they are| | | |often presented in italics, so while P may be a proposition, Px is a predicate relation for x. Predicate symbols | | | |are non-logical — they describe relations but have neither operational function nor truth value in themselves. | |? , ? , †¦ ? |sets of formulae |Uppercase Greek letters are used, by convention, to refer to sets of formulae. ? is usually used to represent the | | | |first site, since it is the first that does not look like Roman letters. (For instance, the uppercase Alpha (? ) | | | |looks identical to the Roman letter â€Å"A†) | |? , ? , †¦ ? |possible worlds |In modal logic, uppercase greek letters are also used to represent possible worlds. Alternatively, an uppercase W | | | |with a subscript numeral is sometimes used, representing worlds as W0, W1, and so on. | |{ } |sets |Curly brackets are generally used when detailing the contents of a set, such as a set of formulae, or a set of | | | |possible worlds in modal logic. For instance, ? = { ? , ? , ? , ? } | Systems of Logic A system of logic, also known as a logical calculus, or simply a logic, is a method by which to express and evaluate information in a logical manner. Formal Language and Rules of Inference Logical systems consist of a formal language of symbolic logic. This language defines: †¢ A set of symbols to refer to formulae, including propositions and operators. †¢ Grammar, that is rules of well-formation, on how formulae must be expressed. The formal language of a system consists of, on one hand, the syntax of the language, and on the other, a method for expressing semantics within the system. The semantics of a system may be as simple as assigning truth-value to propositions and formulae, or more complicated, using predicate symbols to define non-logical relationships between formulae. Systems also consist of rules of inference, which determine how expressions in the language may be used to draw new, previously unstated conclusions. Common Systems of Logic †¢ Classical Logics, the most common form of logical expression, including: o Aristotelian logic o Propositional logic o First-order logic o Second-order logic o Higher-order logics †¢ Contextual Logics, which deal with non-truth-functionaloperators, and include: o Modal Logic, which deals with modal operators neccessarily and possibly. o Epistemic Logic, which reasons about knowledge o Doxastic Logic, which reasons about belief. o Deontic Logic, which reasons about ethical obligation and permissibility o Temporal Logic, which reasons about propositions over time †¢ Free Logic, which rejects the assumption that the domain is non-empty, that something exists †¢ Fuzzy Logic, which rejects the law of the excluded middle †¢ Intuitionistic Logic, which redefines truth values based on proof †¢ Paraconsistent Logic, which allows contradictions without entailment of any other formulae †¢ Relevance Logic, which requires a stronger link of relevance between premises and conclusion Metaphysics Metaphysics is the area of philosophy which deals with the ultimate nature of reality. Metaphysics can emcompass large areas of philosophy, and most other philosophical schools turn back to it for basic definition. In that respect, the term metaphysics is a broad one, encompassing the philosophical ideas of cosmology and ontology. Metaphysics or First Philosophy The term â€Å"metaphysics† comes from Greek, meaning â€Å"after the Physics†. Although the term metaphysics generally makes sense in the way that it partially refers to things outisde of and beyond the natural sciences, this is not the origin of the term (as opposted to, say, meta-ethics, which refers to the nature of ethics itself). Instead, the term was used by later editors of Aristotle. Aristotle had written several books on matter and physics, and followed those volumes with work on ontology, and other broad subjects. These editors referred to them as â€Å"the books that came after the books on physics† or â€Å"metaphysics†. Aristotle himself refers to metaphysics as â€Å"first philosophy†. This term was also used by some later philosophers, such as Descartes, whose primary work on the subject of metaphysics is calledMeditations on First Philosophy. Branches of Metaphysics The main branches of metaphysics are: †¢ Ontology †¢ Cosmology Ontology is a branch of metaphysics which studies being. Ontology is concerned with the ultimate nature of being, and of all reality in general. The process of studying ontology generally consists of describing being as well as determining how reality may be organized and categorized, and how different types of beings relate to one another. The term â€Å"an ontology† refers to the things counted as being in a metaphysical system. Generally, an ontology is a list of things that exist — the â€Å"furniture of the universe† as it is sometimes put. Differences in ontology among philosophers generally deal with whether or not there are non-physical entities, and whether those things can be counted as being, existing, both or neither. Examples of candidates for ontological status as non-physical being include the mind, mathematical objects and universals. Ontologists Philosophers who do work on ontology are referred to asontologists. The following are some of the prominent ontologists discussed on this site: †¢ Aristotle †¢ Saint Anselm †¢ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel †¢ Martin Heidegger. †¢ Immanuel Kant †¢ Plato †¢ W. V. O. Quine †¢ Jean-Paul Sartre †¢ Baruch Spinoza Cosmology Cosmology is the area of metaphysics and science that studies the origin, evolution and nature of the universe. Cosmology is concerned with the contents and astrophysical phenomena of space and time, as well as their origin and progression. Although cosmology is most often concerned with physics and astronomy in the scientific world, it directly relates to a number of philosophical and theological views. The scientific theories related to . While ontology studies the nature of being and reality itself, cosmology is the study of those things that are in reality, and how they, and perhaps reality, came to be. Divisions of Philosophy Abstract: Philosophy, philosophical inquiry, and the main branches of philosophy are characterized. 1. What is Philosophy? 1. The derivation of the word philosophy from the Greek is suggested by the following words and word-fragments. ? philo—love of, affinity for, liking of ? philander—to engage in love affairs frivolously ? philanthropy—love of mankind in general ? philately—postage stamps hobby ? phile—(as in anglophile) one having a love for ? philology—having a liking for words ? sophos—wisdom ? sophist—lit. one who loves knowledge ? sophomore—wise and moros—foolish;i. e. one who thinks he knows many things ? sophisticated—one who is knowledgeable 2. A suggested definition for our beginning study is as follows. Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and presuppositions of any field of study. ? From a psychological point of view, philosophy is an attitude, an approach, or a calling to answer or to ask, or even to comment upon certain  peculiar problems (i. e. , specifically the kinds of problems usually relegated to the main branches discussed below in Section II). ? There is, perhaps, no one single sense of the word philosophy. Eventually many writers abandon the attempt to define philosophy and, instead, turn to the kinds of things philosophers do. ? What is involved in the study of philosophy involves is described by the London Times in an article dealing with the 20th World Congress of Philosophy: The great virtue of philosophy is that it teaches not what to think, but how to think. It is the study of meaning, of the principles underlying conduct, thought and knowledge. The skills it hones are the ability to analyse, to question orthodoxies and to express things clearly. However arcane some philosophical texts may be †¦ the ability to formulate questions and follow arguments is the essence of education. 1. The Main Branches of Philosophy are divided as to the nature of the questions asked in each area. The integrity of these divisions cannot be rigidly maintained, for one area overlaps into the others. 1. Axiology: the study of value; the investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. More often than not, the term value theory is used instead of axiology in contemporary discussions even though the term â€Å"theory of value† is used with respect to the value or price of goods and services in economics. ? Some significant questions in axiology include the following: 1. Nature of value: is value a fulfillment of desire, a pleasure, a preference, a behavioral disposition, or simply a human interest of some kind? 2. Criteria of value: de gustibus non (est) disputandum (i. e. , (â€Å"theres no accounting for tastes†) or do objective standards apply? 3. Status of value: how are values related to (scientific) facts? What ultimate worth, if any, do human values have? ? Axiology is usually divided into two main parts. 1. Ethics: the study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems: e. g. , (1) the rightness and wrongness of actions, (2) the kinds of things which are good or desirable, and (3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy. 1. Consider this example analyzed by J.O. Urmson in his well-known essay, Saints and Heroes: We may imagine a squad of soldiers to be practicing the throwing of live hand grenades; a grenade slips from the hand of one of them and rolls on the ground near the squad; one of them sacrifices his life by throwing himself on the grenade and protecting his comrades with his own body. It is quite unreasonable to suppose that such a man must be impelled by the sort of emotion that he might be impelled by if his best friend were in the squad. 2. Did the soldier who threw himself on the grenade do the right thing? If he did not cover the grenade, several soldiers might be injured or be killed. His action probably saved lives; certainly an action which saves lives is a morally correct action. One might even be inclined to conclude that saving lives is a duty. But if this were so, wouldnt each of the soldiers have the moral obligation or duty to save his comrades? Would we thereby expect each of the soldiers to vie for the opportunity to cover the grenade? 1. ?sthetics: the study of value in the arts or the inquiry into feelings, judgments, or standards of beauty and related concepts. Philosophy of art is concerned with judgments of sense, taste, and emotion. 1. E. g. , Is art an intellectual or representational activity? What would the realistic representations in pop art represent? Does art represent sensible objects or ideal objects? 2. Is artistic value objective? Is it merely coincidental that many forms in architecture and painting seem to illustrate mathematical principles? Are there standards of taste? 3. Is there a clear distinction between art and reality? 1. Epistemology: the study of knowledge. In particular, epistemology is the study of the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge. ? Epistemology investigates the origin, structure, methods, and integrity of knowledge. ? Consider the degree of truth of the statement, The earth is round. Does its truth depend upon the context in which the statement is uttered? For example, this statement can be successively more accurately translated as †¦ 1. The earth is spherical 2. The earth is an oblate spheroid (i. e. , flattened at the poles). 3. But what about the Himalayas and the Marianas Trench? Even if we surveyed exactly the shape of the earth, our process of surveying would alter the surface by the footprints left and the impressions of the survey stakes and instruments. Hence, the exact shape of the earth cannot be known. Every rain shower changes the shape. 4. (Note here as well the implications for skepticism and relativism: simply because we cannot exactly describe the exact shape of the earth, the conclusion does not logically follow that the earth does not have a shape. ) ? Furthermore, consider two well-known problems in epistemology: 1. Russells Five-Minute-World Hypothesis: Suppose the earth were created five minutes ago, complete with memory images, history books, records, etc. , how could we ever know of it? As Russell wrote in The Analysis of Mind, There is no logical impossibility in the hypothesis that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it then was, with a population that remembered a wholly unreal past. There is no logically necessary connection between events at different times; therefore nothing that is happening now or will happen in the future can disprove the hypothesis that the world began five minutes ago. For example, an omnipotent God could create the world with all the memories, historical records, and so forth five minutes ago. Any evidence to the contrary would be evidence created by God five minutes ago. (Q. v. , the Omphalos hypothesis. ) 2. Suppose everything in the universe (including all spatial relations) were to expand uniformly a thousand times larger. How could we ever know it? A moments thought reveals that the mass of objects increases by the cube whereas the distance among them increases linearly. Hence, if such an expansion were possible, changes in the measurement of gravity and the speed of light would be evident, if, indeed, life would be possible. 3. Russells Five-Minute-World Hypothesis is a philosophical problem; the impossibility of the objects in the universe expanding is a scientific problem since the latter problem can, in fact, be answered by principles of elementary physics. 1. Ontology or Metaphysics: the study of what is really real. Metaphysics deals with the so-called first principles of the natural order and the ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect. Specifically, ontology seeks to indentify and establish the relationships between the categories, if any, of the types of existent things. ? What kinds of things exist? Do only particular things exist or do general things also exist? How is existence possible? Questions as to identity and change of objects—are you the same person you were as a baby? as of yesterday? as of a moment ago? ? How do ideas exist if they have no size, shape, or color? (My idea of the Empire State Building is quite as small or as large as my idea of a book. I. e., an idea is not extended in space. ) What is space? What is time? ? E. g. , Consider the truths of mathematics: in what manner do geometric figures exist? Are points, lines, or planes real or not? Of what are they made? ? What is spirit? or soul? or matter? space? Are they made up of the same sort of stuff? ? When, if ever, are events necessary? Under what conditions are they possible? 1. Further characteristics of philosophy and examples of philosophical problems are discussed in the next tutorial. http://philosophy. lander. edu/intro/what. shtml.

Right to Die Debate

Right to Die Debate Briana Rodriguez â€Å"At the moment when I find myself unable to fight, give me a right to die.†- Friedrich Engels. When dealing with terminally ill patients, the right to die is ones choice, and shouldn’t be determined by legal actions of the government. Many citizens of the United States argue about the right to die, and how to ethically and legally deal with this request, wanted by many terminally ill patients all around. The right to die is an ethical or legal entitlement for an individual to undergo voluntary euthanasia and commit suicide. Many patients with terminally illness often deal with the conclusion that their life will be coming to an end, due to lack of medical support. Many of these illnesses, from cancer to Lou Gehrig’s disease, are untreatable and the patient has to come to grips that they will die soon. The families slowly watch them die and the patient not only has to physically deal with the pains of their body slowly shutting down, but also has to subconsci ously deal with the pain they are causing around them as well. That is why the right to die should be permitted legally, for the patient’s physical and mental care and also for the families surrounding them. The list below is key concepts to supporting the idea that the right to die is ones choice and should be legally permitted by the government. Nancy Cruzan and Brittany Maynard Laws and Supreme Court Cases supporting the right to die Professional opinions and statistical facts The idea to legally be permitted the right to die has been around for decades. The most current involvement being Brittany Maynard. Who was told in April 2014, that she had a brain tumor and that in sixth months would die from it. She refused to allow it to kill her and refused to let her family watch her die. So instead, she achieved her bucket list, moved to Oregon and surrounded by all her loved ones in her home, died in November of that year. She quoted â€Å"when exactly is the right time to die?† http://listverse.com/2014/11/15/10-heartbreaking-right-to-die-cases/ Maynard’s death was as peaceful as falling asleep and there was no pain. There is no more proof needed to show that the right to die helps the patients more than physically but mentally, and not just themselves but their loved ones as well. No one wants to die, but given the circumstances, this is the best most peaceful way to go. It is unethical for the government to not allow this and inhumane to allow the patients to suffer when it could be so much more peaceful. There are cases all around the US, in which day to day people, deal with the reality that they are in fact dying. And some cases, the fact that the patients aren’t even dying, is where the right to die is needed. January 1983, Nancy Cruzan was hurt in a severe car accident. The paramedics saved her heart beat, and although she was alive, she suffered from many injuries. She was entirely oblivious to her surroundings, she was a spastic quadriplegic, her brain had degenerated, had irreversible tendon and muscle damage, and had no reflexive ability to either chew or swallow anything and would never gain the ability to do so. All this being sited on, www.euthanasia.com. She was in severe pain and could not, or wouldn’t ever be, able to do any type of day to day things needed to survive on her own. She was in an intense vegetative state, and would be till the day she died. This was the first time the US Supreme Court was given the right to die case. This particular case help s to support the other side, of the right to die act. It is in fact not just for patients who are coming to the ends of their life, but also for those who are suddenly put into an accident and will never again gain their ability to survive without machines. Some debate against the right to die, because they believe that the patient could possibly be saved and that there are certain â€Å"what ifs† and there could always be a chance things will change. But there are patients who were never sick and, due to life changing accidents, are now stuck in a vegetative state and will never again get to â€Å"live†. There are no â€Å"what ifs† for these people, and therefore they should have the absolute right to end their lives, due to the suffering of day to day living being too much. There are actually some cases in which the people have taken the cases further up into the Supreme Court; one US Supreme Court case being Washington v. Glucksberg. Washington criminally charges anyone who â€Å"knowingly causes or aids another person to commit suicide.† http://www.oyez.org. Glucksberg argued that denying a terminally ill person the right to die actually violates the Fourteenth amendment and denies a person the liberty to choose death over life if they wanted to. It was taken to court and decided that the right to assist suicide is not a liberty interest and is actually offensive to the traditions of our nation. Another case being Vacco v. Quill was also taken to the Supreme Court. â€Å"New York’s ban, while permitting patients to refuse lifesaving treatment on their own, has historically made it a crime for doctors to help patients commit or attempt suicide.† Sited from http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1996_95_1858. Although these court cases were not ruled in favor, there are some legal actions that have been in favor and support the right to die. The Death with Dignity Act went into effect in 1994, legally allowing any â€Å"mentally competent, terminally-ill adult state residents to voluntarily request and receive a prescription medication to hasten their death†. http://deathwithdignity.org. That meaning it allows mentally sane and conscious citizens to be allowed to voluntary take euthanasia to end their suffering with their terminal illness. Many citizens all around the states, including the example of Maynard before, move to Oregon to peacefully receive the medication and be given the right to die. The public is very much associated with the voting on the right to die, although it is in much debate. On http://thehastingscenter.org/Publications/BriefingBook/Detail.aspx?id=2202 it states that when the public was asked whether or not physician-assisted death should be permitted approximately â€Å"two-thirds† of the entire population of the US is in fact, actually approve but only as an option for terminally ill patients who are in suffering and cannot be cured or help any longer. Statiscally proving that the population even believes in the right to die is ones choice. It should not be illegal and it should be permitted especially when the patient is in a great deal of suffering. It’s obvious that if a person’s in deep suffering, then a peaceful death should be the way to go, it is the only humane thing to do in order to help a person. Other statistics were found when asked by a field of people who specifically work with these types of patients; hospice nurses . When asked to complete the survey, taken from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsaa020562, â€Å"Forty-five percent had cared for a patient who requested .assistance with suicide.† And had â€Å"Eigty-two patients were had received perscriptions for lethal medication.† And â€Å"Seventy-seven percent of the request had been presented at a hospice interdisciplinary conference on patient care† Statiscally proving that terminally ill patients, who hospice nurses deal with every day, have asked and it is a question among the nurses. More and more people are hearing about the right to die and there are interest groups all around fighting for terminally ill patients, groups from National Hospice and Pallative Care Organization (NHPCO) and others more widely known like the Death with Dignity National Center(DDNC). More groups being sited on http://diglib.libary.vanderbilt.edu There are so many people who are dying and are suffering greatly but instead of being allowed to be put out their misery, they are instead prolonged their death and have to wait until every part of their body slowly shuts down one at a time. They then lose hearing, seeing, feeding and more until finally their heart finally stops. The patients are unable to do anything. Not only watch them deteriorate literally piece by piece, but also watch their loved ones grow depressed at watching them suffer. Dealing with death, is not an easy topic to discuss especially politically. But, the right to die is a person’s choice and the government should definitely not permit a person from doing so if it ends their suffering. Examples from Supreme Court Cases, to every day to day citizen, the right to die should be permitted. The government says a terminally ill patient does not have the legal right to kill themselves nor be assisted then who’s right is it? What must a person do to obtain their right to end their own suffering?

Business and Research Project Essay

JC Penny has been running successfully for close to 90 years. Most entrepreneurs and managers face the same dilemmas at times. The choices one makes are the basis for his or her company success. The CEO of JC Penny Ron Johnson was faced with many management dilemmas. The first of many dilemmas that Ron Johnson was faced with was to innovate or conserve JC Penny. Innovation is important, but one should also focus on new applications and new markets as well. However, the revenues of innovations are in the future. One needs also to get the maximum out of one’s current business. According an article published by Forbes â€Å"Ron Johnson did not try and solving the real problem with JC Penny. Sales fell some 25%. The stock dropped 50% He spent lavishly trying to remake the brand. He modernized the logo, upped the TV ad spend, spruced up stores and implemented a more consistent pricing strategy. But that all was designed to help JC Penney competes in traditional brick-and-mortar retail. Against traditional companies like Wal-Mart, Kohl’s, Sears, etc† (Hartung, 2014). If the leader or manager does not invest there comes a time when the current business declines without new innovation to take over JC Penny revenues. If a manager invests too much, it may end up endangering the continuity of the current business. According to Joshua Kennon â€Å"J.C. Penney saw sales fall from $19.903 billion in 2007 to $12.985 billion in 2013. This caused the firm to go from a pre-tax profit of $1.792 billion to pre-tax losses of $1.536 billion, a staggering swing of $3.328 billion. Dividends were slashed, book value destroyed. There were rumors the company was surviving by pushing payable bills and hoarding cash† (Kennon, 2013). The purpose of learning team C’s research is to identify the most important factors to customers that are considering shopping at J.C. Penney. This statement speaks to the researcher’s attention and states goal or objective of the research. This statement will evaluate errors that were made J.C.  Penny’s top management, putting the company into a very vulnerable predicament with the core customers. The factors that will be considered are directly associated with management errors such as: †¢Misreading what shoppers want- coupons, sales price/clearance items †¢Not testing the ideas in advance- assuming the culture was the same as other companies †¢Alienated the core customers †¢Misreading the JC Penney brand †¢Not respecting the JC Penney company overall From these errors the team will provide research questions to include in the paper, gather the information the is related to the customer most recent shopping experience with the company to develop a proposed research plan to address the most management dilemmas. Draft of Research Questions Learning team C intends to research the reasons J.C. Penney had a decline in customer core base and sales which almost led to the demise of the company. This research will be conducted via survey with the intent of possibly salvaging the creditability of the company. Our learning will provide surveys to adults that have shopped J.C. Penny either online or in the store within the last two years. The survey questions used would supply management with opportunities to test potential marketing strategies to revive sales and retain the company’s initial core customer base. LTC will provide the following questions to gather data for research in the survey: †¢What is the age group/gender of the participant †¢How far from home will he or she be willing to drive to the store †¢What is the importance of coupons and sales price/clearance items †¢How frequent does the participant shop online or in the store †¢How important is the brand name that is provided by the company †¢How important is the atmosphere of the store (i.e. Arizona, IZOD, Dockers, etc) †¢How important is the culture of store (i.e. is food courts or specialty boutiques important) After compiling a more precise list of question to provide for the survey, we will rank the factors from least to greatest importance to determine the  decision making process for J.C. Penney current dilemma. Conclusion Eventually, JC Penny did fire Ron Johnson and rehired the previous CEO Mike Ullman, who stills faces big challenges. JC Penny has posted sales drops and losses in its first three quarters. As JC Penny attempts to recover from its dilemmas from the period in which it alienated consumers, and infuriated its employees, its new CEO Mike Ullman, is making headway in trying to purge corporate ranks and bring the customers back to shopping at JC Penny. In business leaders or managers all face some challenges that if left unaddressed such as JC Penny dilemma can massively affect the business. The good news is that there is now a solution in place to help JC Penny return to being successful. References Hartung, A. (2014). Two Wrongs Won’t Fix JC Penney. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cwe/citation_generator/web_01_01.asp Kennon, J. (2013). The Collapse of J.C. Penney – What Caused It and Can It Be Fixed?. Retrieved from http://www.joshuakennon.com/the-collapse-of-jc-penney-what-caused-it-and-can-it-be-fixed/

Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Essay

Civil Liberties & Civil Rights 1. The clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress. 1. The Free Exercise Clause is the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. 2. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the Bill of Rights which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. 3. The 5th Amendment states that a person can be tried for a serious federal crime only if he or she has been indicted (charged, accused of that crime) by a grand jury. No one may be subjected to double jeopardy – that is, tried twice for the same crime. All persons are protected against self-incrimination; no person can be legally compelled to answer any question in any governmental proceeding if that answer could lead to that person’s prosecution. The 5th Amendment’s Due Process Clause prohibits unfair, arbitrary actions by the Federal Government. 4. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions. The Supreme Court has applied the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 5. The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights (ratified 1789) prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments, including torture. 6. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the Government outside the sanction of law 7 . The 14th amendment is a very important amendment that defines what it means to be a US citizen and protects certain rights of the people. There are three important â€Å"clauses† in the 14th amendment  ·Citizenship Clause – the citizenship clause gives individual born in the United States, but especially at that time, African Americans the right to citizenship.  ·Due Process Clause – the due process clause protects the 1st amendment rights of the people and prevents those rights from being taken away by any government without â€Å"due process.†  ·Equal Protection Clause – This part of the fourteenth amendment states that there may be no discrimination against them by the law. 8. The incorporation of the Bill of Rights (or incorporation for short) is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states. 9. Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government, on expression before the expression actually takes place. An alternative is to allow the expression to take place and to take appropriate action afterward, if the expression is found to violate the law, regulations, or other rules. 10. Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it. Symbolic speech is recognized as being protected under the First Amendment as a form of speech, but this is not expressly written as such in the document. 11. In United States criminal law, probable cause is the standard by which an officer or agent of the law has the grounds to make an arrest, to conduct a personal or property search, or to obtain a warrant for arrest, etc. when criminal charges are being considered. 12. The exclusionary rule is a legal principle in the United States, under constitutional law, which holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law. 13. Some of the things you can do in the â€Å"real world† you cannot do in school. 14. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonpartisan non-profit organization whose stated mission is â€Å"to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States. In the years following World War I, America was gripped by the fear that the Communist Revolution that had taken place in Russia would spread to the United States. As is often the case when fear outweighs rational debate, civil liberties paid the price. In November 1919 and January 1920, in what notoriously became known as the â€Å"Palmer Raids,† Attorney General Mitchell Palmer began rounding up and deporting so-called radicals. Thousands of people were arrested without warrants and without regard to constitutional protections against unlawful search and seizure. Those arrested were brutally treated and held in horrible conditions. 15.  Ã‚ ·A wharf owner sued the city of Baltimore for economic loss occasioned by the city’s diversion of streams, which lowered the water level around his wharves. He claimed that the city took his property without just compensation in violation of the Fifth Amendment.  ·Gideon is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys, extending the identical requirement made on the federal government under the Sixth Amendment  ·The Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona required (for the first time) that someone accused of a crime be informed of his or her constitutional rights prior to interrogation. This protected the rights of the accused, or the defendant, in two new ways: 1) It educated the person about relevant constitutional rights; and 2) It inhibited law enforcement officials from infringing those rights by applying the Exclusionary Rule to any testimony/incriminating statements the defendant made unless he intentionally waived his rights.  ·State Courts are held to the same standard as Federal Courts when evidence is obtained without the use of a search warrant, ensuring material obtained without a legitimate search warrant or probable cause cannot be used to prosecute a defendant in any court. This was an important application of the Bill of Rights to criminal procedure.  ·Gitlow v. New York was a decision by the United States Supreme Court decided on June 8, 1925, which ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the pressâ€⠀to the governments of the individual states. 16. The U.S Constitution safeguards the rights of Americans to privacy and personal autonomy. Although the Constitution does not explicitly provide for such rights, the U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution protect these rights, specifically in the areas of marriage, procreation, abortion, private consensual homosexual activity, and medical treatment. State and federal laws may limit some of these rights to privacy, as long as the restrictions meet tests that the Supreme Court has set forth, each involving a balancing of an individual’s right to privacy against the state’s compelling interests. Such compelling interests include protecting public morality and the health of its citizens and improving the quality of life. In Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), the State of Connecticut convicted two persons as accessories for giving a married couple information on and a prescription for a birth-control device. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned the co nvictions and found the Connecticut law to be unconstitutional because it violated a right to privacy in the marital relation. Civil Rights 1. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were important to the Civil Rights Movement. 2. Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision which precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation in United States education, and for Reed v. Reed (1971), where the Supreme Court struck down a law based on gender (with no â€Å"rational relationship to a state objective†) — the first such application based on sex. 3. Legislation frequently involves making classifications that either advantage or disadvantage one group of persons, but not another. States allow 20-year-olds to drive, but don’t let 12-year-olds drive. Indigent single parents receive government financial aid that is denied to millionaires. Obviously, the Equal Protection Clause cannot mean that government is obligated to treat all persons exactly the same–only, at most, that it is obligated to treat people the same if they are â€Å"similarly circumstanced.† Over recent decades, the Supreme Court has developed a three-tiered approach to analysis under the Equal Protection Clause. 4.  Ã‚ ·There were 3 thing said that day that would chage the way people looked at slavery -The court said that dread Scott had no right to sue because the framers of the Constitution (founding fathers) didn’t intend for blacks to be treated like citizens. Congress had no right/authority to take away a person’s property. (Slaves often thought of as property) An if slaves were property the federal government could not restrict the slave master from bringing an housing the on federal land that been off limits to slave owners. The Missouri compromise was unconstitutional .  ·The Plessy case does not impact society . It was overturned by Brown vs. Board of education in 1954. However, as a contributor commenting on this post, I must say that it led to further dispute over civil rights which eventually led to the Supreme Court reconsidering their decision in Brown v. Board of education and eventually overturning it.  · Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark United S tates Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.  ·U.S. was an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools. After a first trial going to the Board of Education, the Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance in schools, even when the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race. 5. They deliberated for a year, at which point they issued a second ruling, Brown II, which avoided specifying what sort of racial balance might constitute compliance. Brown II stated that desegregation should be carried out with â€Å"all deliberate speed.† 6. De jure (Latin for â€Å"from the law†) segregation is the separation of people on the basis of race as required by by law. For example, after the Civil War and the ending of slavery by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution (1865), the governments of the former slave states found new ways to discriminate against black Americans. They enacted laws to require separate public facilities for blacks and whites. Blacks were required, for example, to attend separate schools, to use separate public rest rooms, and to use separate public drinking fountains. The separate facilities for blacks were supposed to be equal to the facilities provided for whites. This â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine was endorsed by the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). In reality, however, the facilities for black people were rarely, if ever, equal in quality to those provided for whites. Racial separation that exists as a matter of custom rather than as a legal requirement is known as de facto (Latin for â€Å"in fact†) segregation. For example, one neighborhood may include only white families, and another nearby neighborhood may include only black families. However, this racial segregation may have developed informally in response to social and economic factors, not as a requirement of the law. De jure segregation has been declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Brown v. Board of Education (1954) the Court ruled against de jure racial segregation in public schools. In subsequent cases the Court outlawed racial discrimination in other areas of public life. In 1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed de jure segregation. 7. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 enacted July 2, 1964 is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and also women. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public known as â€Å"public accommodations†. 8. The 1965 Voting Rights Act was a natural follow on to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Ironically, the 1964 Act had resulted in an outbreak of violence in the South. White racists had launched a campaign against the success that Martin Luther King had had in getting African Americans to register to vote. The violence reminded Johnson that more was needed if the civil rights issue was to be suitably reduced. 9. The Twenty-fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. 10. White primaries were primary elections in the Southern States of the United States of America in which any non-White voter was prohibited from participating. 11. Shaw v. Reno was a United States Supreme Court case argued on April 20, 1993. The ruling was significant in the area of redistricting and racial gerrymandering. The court ruled in a 5-4 decision that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause. On the other hand, bodies doing redistricting must be conscious of race to the extent that they must ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act. The redistricting that occurred after the 2000 census was the first nationwide redistricting to apply the results of Shaw v. Reno. 12. Korematsu v. United States was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional. Six of eight Roosevelt nominees sided with Roosevelt. The lone Republican nominee, Owen Roberts dissented. The opinion, written by Supreme Court justice Hugo Black, held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Fred Korematsu’s individual rights, and the rights of Americans of Japanese descent. (The Court limited its decision to the validity of the exclusion orders, adding, â€Å"The provisions of other orders requiring persons of Japanese ancestry to report to assembly centers and providing for the detention of such persons in assembly and relocation centers were separate, and their validity is not in issue in this proceed ing.†) During the case, Solicitor General Charles Fahy is alleged to have suppressed evidence by keeping from the Court a report from the Office of Naval Intelligence indicating that there was no evidence that Japanese Americans were acting as spies or sending signals to enemy submarines.

How to Write an MBA Essay

How to Write an MBA Essay Most graduate business programs require applicants to submit at least one MBA essay as part of the application process. Admissions committees use essays, along with other application components, to determine whether or not you are a good fit for their business school. A well-written MBA essay can increase your chances of acceptance and help you stand out among other applicants.Choosing an MBA Essay TopicIn most cases, you will be assigned a topic or instructed to answer a specific question. However, there are some schools that allow you to choose a topic or select from a short list of provided topics.If you are given the opportunity to choose your own MBA essay topic, you should make strategic choices that allow you to highlight your best qualities. This may include an essay that demonstrates your leadership ability, an essay that showcases your ability to overcome obstacles, or an essay that clearly defines your career goals.Chances are, you will be asked to submit multiple essays - usually two or three. You may also have the opportunity to submit an optional essay. Optional essays are usually guideline and topic free, which means you can write about anything you want. Find out when to use the optional essay.Whatever topic you choose, be sure to come up with stories that support the topic or answer a specific question. Your MBA essay should be focused and feature you as the central player.Common MBA Essay TopicsRemember, most business schools will provide you with a topic to write on. Although topics can vary from school to school, there are a few common topics/questions that can be found on many business school applications. They include: Why attend this business school?What are your career goals?What are your short-term and long-term goals?What will you do with your degree?How will a degree help you achieve your goals?Why do you want an MBA?What matters to you most and why?What are your strengths and weaknesses?What is your biggest accomplishment?What is your biggest regret?How have you failed in the past?How do you respond to adversity?What challenges have you overcome?Who do you admire most and why?Who are you?How will you contribute to this program?Why do you have leadership potential?How do you explain weaknesses in your academic record? Answer the QuestionOne of the biggest mistakes that MBA applicants make is not answering the question they are asked. If you are asked about your professional goals, then professional goals - not personal goals - should be the focus of the essay. If you are asked about your failures, you should discuss mistakes you have made and lessons you have learned - not accomplishments or success.Stick to the topic and avoid beating around the bush. Your essay should be direct and pointed from start to finish. It should also focus on you. Remember, an MBA essay is meant to introduce you to the admissions committee. You should be the main character of the story. It is okay to describe admiring someone else, learning from someone else, or helping someone else, but these mentions should support the story of you - not cover it up.See another MBA essay mistake to avoid.Basic Essay TipsAs with any essay assignment, youll want to carefully follow any instructions you are given. Again, answer the quest ion assigned to you - keep it focused and concise. It is also important to pay attention to word counts. If you are asked for a 500-word essay, you should aim for 500 words, rather than 400 or 600. Make every word count.Your essay should also be readable and grammatically correct. The entire paper should be free of errors. Do not use special paper or a crazy font. Keep it simple and professional. Above all, give yourself enough time to write your MBA essays. You don’t want to have to slop through them and turn in something thats less than your best work simply because you had to meet a deadline.See a list of essay style tips.More Essay Writing Tips Take time to reflect on yourself, your goals, your accomplishments, your strengths, your weaknesses, etc. before you begin writing your essay.Research the school until you have a good understanding of the schools mission, culture, programs, and approach.Create an outline to organize your ideas before you start writing.Use anecdotes and personal stories to make your essay original.Dont be too academic - an MBA essay isnt a term paper. It is a marketing packet designed to introduce you.Be specific and detailed. Use examples. Support your statements.Keep it real. You want to impress, but honesty is key.Dont be afraid to be creative. If youre asked where you see yourself five years from now, you can avoid the standard answer and write a diary entry for that day in the future or pretend that youre telling your children about your first job after grad school.Make your essay interesting. Some admissions reps read more than 1,000 essays answering the same question. Hook them with the intro a nd keep them interested throughout to make your essay stand out among everyone elses. Remember that the #1 rule when writing an MBA essay is to answer the question/stay on topic. When you have finished your essay, ask at least two people to proofread it and guess the topic or question you were trying to answer. If they do not guess correctly, you should revisit the essay and adjust the focus until your proofreaders can easily tell what the essay is supposed to be about.

Writer’s Guide for a Persuasive Essay on Sports as a Social Institution

Writer’s Guide for a Persuasive Essay on Sports as a Social Institution When you want someone with a generally stubborn and rigid mindset to agree with your point of view, you need a solid rhetoric technique known as persuasive writing. In this third and final writer’s guide for a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution, we explain how to write a persuasive essay in a way that persuades your audience by shaping your opinions to solidify and strongly support arguments. We’ve already covered some interesting facts in our 10 facts for a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution guide and provided you with 20 topics on the social aspect guide. Now let’s begin the third guide. Before you write: Start with Good Research Writing a persuasive essay requires both charisma and passion to reach your audience and entertain them with a good read. However, it is also necessary to conduct thorough research and have solid evidence to support your argument, compelling the readers to agree with your point of view. Write for Your Audience Most writers are unable to comprehend the significance of getting to know their audience before writing something for them. You should use specific arguments and examples that resonate with your audience and influence them to read your essay. How to start writing: Start with a Powerful Thesis A thesis should be so strong and powerful that it makes a reader â€Å"hungry† for more of your content. Your thesis is the central nerve point of your essay and it resonates with your writing from top to bottom. It provides an insight to what’s at the heart of your essay and plays an important role in influencing the reader to either read it thoroughly or just skim through it. Dr. Martin Luther King’s letter, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, is an astonishing example of how brilliant, touching and entertaining persuasive writing can be. Structure Arguments like a Staircase Your arguments should be well-structured, like a staircase, leading to the nature of your thesis and bringing the reader closer to accepting your point of view. It is highly recommended that you support your arguments with credible sources, conduct your own research through interviews or include your own insights on what has already been discussed by well-known personalities or credible places and events. Addressing counter-arguments might seem like a dull idea, but it really brings a person closer to your point of view, when you refute that argument in your own words, by supporting evidence and credible research. Conclude the Essay with a Powerful Restatement Concluding an essay means you want to show the reader that there is nothing left to argue about. A perfect conclusion includes restatement of your thesis and a summary on how you’ve supported your arguments through solid evidence and credible sources. Tip: We highly recommend that you edit the content before submitting it to your professor. Read your custom essay from a critical outsider perspective and review your article multiple times if you have to. With a strong thesis, substantial research and thoughtful arguments supported by credible research and evidence, you’ll deliver a potent persuasive essay that will compel your audience into thinking and accepting your point of view.

Operational management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operational management - Essay Example The name Starbucks is actually known to have originated from an American novel named Herman Moby. In 1982, a man named Howard Schultz decide to join Starbuck as he was ones impressed by the culture and popularity of Starbucks’ services and by 1990 Starbucks had expanded beyond the borders of Seattle to the rest of the world (Bussing-Burks, 2009, pp. 1-2). 1.1. Evolution of its strategy over time Starbucks strategies have changed over time since it started its operations in the coffee industry. Mr. Schultz, the CEO has changed the culture of its operations from the small shop in Pike place market in 1971 to the now big company that is known all over the world. Starbucks actually changed the manner in which people perceived and drank coffee. Today Starbucks offer their services with Wi-Fi server customers on the sofa as well as on the sub ways which never used to happen back then. With the management of Mr. Schultz, Starbucks expanded so fast and at some point some of its stingy customers abandoned it (Deresky, 2008). Therefore, the company was faced with financial constraints as there sales volume decreased and its competitors in the industry somewhat overtook them. Starbucks later revived its operation leading again in the industry in 2008 with the help of Mr. Schultz’s management. Mr. ... Therefore, its mission is to inspire and nurture the human spirit at an individual level one at a time with a cup of coffee and in one neighborhood. Some of the company’s objectives is to offer quality products and services through sourcing of the finest coffee beans as well as improving the lives of the coffee farmers. With all the mission statements therein, the company has fully grown internationally (Griffin, Management, 2010, p. 206). 1.3. How effective is the Corporate governance The corporate governance is seen to be very effective since it’s been responsible for overseeing the activities of the corporate powers and ensuring that the firm’s daily activities are followed to the latter with intentions to foster the company’s goals and objectives. The corporate has also ensured that the necessary skills and experiences needed to meet the company’s goals and objectives are provided for at the correct times (Mullerat & Brennan, 2010). The corporat e has been responsible for the welfare of its partners and has, therefore, ensured that the working environment is free from health hazards. It has further ensured that they offer high standard coffee to its customers by purchasing and roasting fresh coffee (Aras & Crowther, 2011, p. 544). The corporate governance has been quite effective in its management since understand that profitability is an essential tool for the future success. 2.0. External Environment Analysis Starbucks has for a long time benefited from its international operations since 1990. Today, Starbucks does not only depend on the U.S. market but greatly enjoys the international market as they have gone overboard in offering their goods and services purposely to boost their revenue and maintain the rate at which it is

Corporate Governance (Shareholder and Stakeholder Capitalism) Essay

Corporate Governance (Shareholder and Stakeholder Capitalism) - Essay Example Consumers have been also found to play a crucial part for ascertaining the orientation of the organisations. For instance, consumers having an inclination to transact with or purchase from organisations that are stakeholder-oriented could in a way make a social order that is based on stakeholders to be obligatory. The growing impact of globalisation has made the access of stakeholder organisations to be increasingly lucrative compared to the degree of access by shareholder organisations in case of every individual society (Allen & et al., 2007). According to a classic review with regard to the subject of corporate governance, it was stated by Shleifer & Vishny (1997) that the notion of corporate governance was a clear-cut viewpoint of the organisations which was at times addressed to be the division existing between control as well as ownership. Corporate governance is also stated to be the way shareholders manage to get back their portion of investments from the managers. In majorit y of the countries, like the US and the UK, this particular idea is accepted to be referred to as corporate governance. ... al., 2007). However, apart from the instances of the UK and the US, the goals of the organisations are stated to have a strong reliance on the structure of the country that is taken into concern. The goal and the intention of the organisations in this respect are frequently found to move away notably from the primary outline of increasing the value of the shareholder to the utmost. As already mentioned earlier, the legal structure applicable in Germany makes the fact quite precise that organisations do not require possessing the only responsibility of following the concern of the shareholders. The Germans are believed to involve and follow the structure of co-determination where the employees as well as the shareholders in big business enterprises are entitled to an equivalent amount of positions on the organisation’s administrative board. This structure entails the mentioned pattern so as to make certain that the concerns of shareholders together with the employees are taken into consideration (Allen & et. al., 2007). In the customary policy of Company Law, it was taken into concern that organisations needed to be controlled to shore up the privileges of the shareholders’ primarily. Behaviours in support of the non-shareholder community, for instance the consumers, overall society, suppliers or the employees could be professed to be an approach of the management of the organisations to amplify its authority along with its personal esteem. The concern of the stakeholders could be comprehended to be opposite of the shareholders’ concern to attain reasonable earnings for the amount invested by them. Corporate governance with the