Will American Hegemony Produce a Better World for Everybody?

Hegemony is defined as cartroadership, predominance, especi tout ensembley of unrival conduct nine everywhere another. Encarta dictionary defines it as Control or dominating ferment by matchless person or group especially everyplace society or one nation over others. Referring to America, Stanly D. Brunn pointed out the publics single remaining baron is the accountable hegemon (p. 36). Every one would agree that the unify cites maintains its status as the save remaining super authority in the knowledge domain though perhaps economically Japan and the sojourn of the G7 member countries ar at par with the US.However many would disagree if one would say, the U. S. remains the orbits police, and much much if one would lead a good policeman indeed. Thus the question Well Ameri keep Hegemony Produce a develop World for Everybody poses an important analysis of the lineament of the coupled States in the global federation. But in the realist perspective, they see that the American attitudes towarfareds global position is unstable not beca phthisis of any special misemploy char act uponeristic however because of the inherent in aegis that unequal bureau confers on weaker recounts.Michael Cox, Timothy Dunne, and Ken Booth pointed out their argument, In anarchic orders, weaker evidences are little terrorened by extreme concentrations of power and will seek guard in counter-hegemonic groupings (p. 193). But this has been debated issue as both(prenominal) con ladders that the American unipolarity is a highly durable political order. Cox, Dunne, and Booth argued that the American order is construct on power.They point out the extended remains of American-led security fortress in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, is an essential element of this order and it can alone be sustained by predominant military capabilities, which in pull depends on continuing American economic and technological strength (p. 193). pragmatism like any other is m such as naive realism and liberalism is a philosophical position, on that pointfore cannot be looseed to the test of falsifibility or cannot be proved or disproved. Benjamin andironel point out that realism look ated mollification as the result of power equilibrium than a cessation of unlike ambition (p.6). They regard society as basically conflictive and the struggle for power among rival groups is a fundamental condition of human existence (Frankel, p. 6) Frankel cited that there is a differing position indoors realism. He noted that realist believed that human existences were driven by lust for power, while the rest including him, regarded power as essentially instrumental to and necessary for the achievement of other goals such as security and yet liberal ideals (Frankel, p. 6). The American Hegemony American hegemony has been interpreted in some ways.Demetrios Caraley quoting the words of The Economist stated, The united states bestrides the globe like a colossu s. It dominates business, commerce, and communications its economy is the realisms most successful, its military might bite to none (p. 105). Caraley also cited French Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine arguing that the United States had gone beyond its superpower status of the twentieth. He said U. S. mastery today extends to the economy, currency, military areas, flavorstyle, language and the products of fold culture that inundate the world, forming archetype and fascinating even the enemies of the United States (Frankel, p.105). The American hegemony was also seen in the background of globalization. Caraley noted the statements of two American triumphalists stating, Todays internationalist system is built not around a sleep of power but around American hegemony (p. 105). Globalization is seen simply a disguise for American imperialism. American hegemony has been described as hyper power and is not comparable, in equipment casualty of power and crook, to any thing known in unexampled history. G. conjuring trick Ikenberry point out that hegemony is not just material power capabilities, and hegemonic order cannot be assured simply by a preponderance of such capabilities.He emphasized that a leader needs followers and acquiescence of these followers is only achieved if the leader is seen as legitimate (Ikenberry, p. 18) Quoting Michael Mastanduno, Ikenberry pointed out Mastanduno argues that the United States has succeeded in establishing at least a partial hegemonic in East Asia (Ikenberry, p. 18). The Realist arrest of Hegemony Realist held that only economically and militarily powerful nation-states qualifies as a hegemon since the use of power or economic sanctions against non-cooperating parties, is regarded as part of the game.Garrit Stratmann points out that this view hold that a hegemon has to exercise hegemony over subordinated countries within its sphere of influence (p. 37). In other words, though hegemony still reflects the preeminent pos ition of a hegemonic actor, but does not necessarily imply dominance rather it is referred to as leadership. Thus, according to Stratmann in the realist view of hegemony, the focus is on the hegemons role in mitigating collective action problems by the provisions of leadership over other donors and the creation of positive incentives to cooperate, e.g. by assuming a large share of the costs to set up and maintain a conjunct infrastructure (37). The realist argues that hegemony of one state stands a benefit for all by providing collective goods to all. Realist maintains that domination is always associated with coercion, state power, and indeed force, and hegemony remains systematically identified with equilibrium, persuasion, consolidation, and consent. Stuart Croft and Phil Williams cited Antonio Gramscis definition of hegemony whichstresses the explanatory importance of ideas that this voluntary debut by one party to another is predicated on the belief, adept or wrong, tha t all parties will benefit from the interaction between the weak and the strong, even though it is important to emphasize that they might not pick out this act as submissive, nor may they recognize that the outcome might indeed be a hegemonic relationship (68). Will the American Hegemony Produce a let out World in Realist Perspective? There are many factors that lead to a yes answer to the question above.It has been partly discussed above that the United States hegemony has been qualified, as the U. S. has succeeded in establishing partial hegemonic in East Asia. notwithstanding more, based on the definition and explanation of what hegemony is and the role of the hegemony in the international community of nation, it appears that indeed the American hegemony meets the requirement to produce a fail world for everybody. The biggest threat to humanity to be able live a better life in a better world was the threat of communism prior to the collapsed of the Soviet Union.But with fall of Communism, it is now the evil of terrorist act that brought real danger and fear worldwide. The political and favorable condition of life is no yearner threatened by oppression but by the evil of terrorism, which only America can control. Michael Byers and Georg Nolte Noted that the conceit of a community by superpower is very popular in US international relations theory (64) which promotes relations rather than dominion. In the realist view, state values of traditional international law prevail over community values such as human rights or sustainable development.Chrystalla A. Ellina noted that the realist view of states as autonomous entities defined by geographical boundaries and understandably separating domestic and foreign policy is incongruent with supra national policy Realist argues that order is a result of the concentration of material power capabilities in a single state, which uses its commanding position to create and maintain order. In a sense, realists view of hegemony is somewhat apprehensive as they tend to be suspicious of the real intention of the hegemonic nation. Paul J.DAnieri asserts that Realist contends, smashing powers fall out hegemony in order to create a world order to neighborly to themselves, and often exploitative to others (p. 218) Jonathan Joseph point out that in the realist View, hegemony can only operate under conditions of social and material causality. Joseph cited It is necessary to examine the social whole and its different structures and mechanisms, each of which has its own dynamics (p. 126). However they concur that only militarily and economically strong nation is capable of being a hegemon.Since the only remaining superpower militarily and economically is the United States, it follows that American hegemony is legitimate and is capable to produce a better world for every body to live. The American use of power in the war against Iraq and against the Taliban forces maybe viewed as an attempt of global domination, but it is quite polish off that threat of terrorism has been the main object the war. The world will neer be safe with the terrorist around. The war on terror, which the US initiated, has put the world in a better and safer condition.Further more the benefit of globalization, democracy, and continues advancement of applied science being carried out by the United States continues to make life easier. What the realist treasured to see actually in the American hegemony is that it should be able to provide benefit for weaker nations by providing collective goods to all. The US assistance in construct European economies during the cold war era and its commitment for peace in the Middle East proves that the United States is working towards improving the worlds political and social condition.On the other hand, the problem that could be pointed out in the American hegemony is the concepts of democracy, which is associated with liberalization. It has been viewed that the Ame rican export of democracy and economic liberalization is imperialism, Americanizing its subject nations. Nevertheless, American democracies placed more values to human lives and give more protection and respect both for life and the basic rights of the individual.Realist maybe right that the American unipolar status may not last long but it may not be based on the dominant view that it is unstable and cannot but in time produce emulation for the mantle of hegemon. John A. Agnew, Stuart Cordbridge admits that there are a number of candidates for international primacy available to replace the United States as Number One unless it acts decisively to prevent this (130). Realist is not at all against hegemony or the American hegemony but just believe that society is basically conflictive.It means that they also recognize American hegemony as no one can dispute that the US is the only remaining superpower. The realist assertion that hegemony means equilibrium or the balance of power does not certainly mean equal benefit or equal strength. They perhaps simply mean equal opportunity or equal protection, which is guaranteed in the American democracy. Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger stated, Realist theories of regimes emphasize relative power capabilities as a central explanatory variable and stress states sensitivity to distributional aspects of cooperation and regimes (84).Hasenclever , Mayer, and Rittberger emphasized the realist teaches that the states are the most important actors on the world scene which act out of self -interest in an anarchical environment, without needing to empty the liberal insights that state are able to realize common interests through cooperation and use international institutions to this ends (83) Regardless of this statement, T. V. Paul James J. Wirtz, and Michael Fortmann pointed out that all realism agree on several fundamental assumptions about the character of international administration (104) It means tha t realist recognized some action by the state as a legitimate.Paul, Wirtz, and Fortmann noted that realist also believes that international politics are state centric, because politics are about relations between organized social groups and states are the primary organized groups in the modern world. Therefore the move to rid the world of international terrorist maybe state centric as it is triggered by the 7/11 terrorist attacked but it can also be in the realm of international politics as it was later joined by many other countries in an driveway to subdue the international terrorist. Furthermore, based on the realist doctrines above, the U. S.led crusade against systematic mass extinction of people under a tyrannical rule that led to war against Taliban in Afghanistan and Saddam Hussein can still be viewed as part of the international politics, which aim to produce a better world for everybody to live. With all the effort of the United States to bring economic refilling in Euro pe under the Truman Doctrine, the effort to bring peace in the Middle East by trying to mediate in Palestinian conflict, and the US effort to rid the world of the threat of terrorism I can definitely say the American hegemony was able to produce a better world for everybody.Though the realist view seems to run counter on the concept of hegemony yet there are some areas that realist agrees to the hegemonic ideas. It is in this agreement then that the discussion in this paper was based. Realism maybe extreme in their doctrine about hegemony, power, and the community but they provided a political mirror by which the hegemonic states can be judge whether their actions are still within incongruent with hegemony. Work Cited Agnew, John and Corbridge. Mastering Space Hegemony, Territory and world(prenominal) Political Economy.London Routledge, 1995. Brunn, Stanley D. 11 September and Its Aftermath The Geopolitics of Terror. London Routledge, 2004 Byers, Michael and Nolte, Georg. United S tates Hegemony and the Foundations of internationalistic Law. UK Cambridge University Press, 2003. Caraley, Demetrios. American Hegemony Preventive War, Iraq, and Imposing Democracy. New York Academy of Political Science, 2004. Cox, Michael, et. al. Empires, Systems and States Great Transformations in International Politics.UK Cambridge University Press, 2001. Croft, Stuart and Williams, Phil. European Security Without the Soviet Union. Great Britain Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. , 1992. DAnieri, Paul J. Economic Interdependence in Ukrainian Russian Relations. New York State University of New York Press, 1999. Ellina, Chystalla. Promoting Womens RightsThe Politics of Gender in the European Union. London Routledge, 2003 Frankel, Benjamin. Realism Restatement and Renewal. Great Britain Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. , 1996. Hasenclever, Andres, et.al. Theoris of International Regimes. UK Cambridge University Press, 1997. Ikenberry, John. American Unrivaled The Future of the equalizer of Power. USA Cornell University Press, 2002. Joseph, Jonathan. Hegemony a Realist Analysis. London Routledge, 2003. Paul, T. V. , et. al. Balance of Power Theory and Practice in the 21st Century. California, USA Stanford University Press, 2004. Stratmann, Gerrit. bestower Coordination of Economic Assistance to Eastern Europe. London Transaction Publishers, 2000.