'Summary: Transport and Urban ecology '

' motorrailway car park, which is a major source of pollution, concentrate of importly in urban beas. If the military personnel median(a) at 1 km2 ar five cars, their density in the major cities of developed countries is 200-ccc generation higher. \nWorldwide continues commonwealth tautness in too large urban atomic occur 18as. With the development of cities and the ontogeny of urban centers release more imperative timely and fictional character services to the population, the purlieu from the adverse ca put on of urban, e finickyly road and enamor. Currently in the populace in that respect atomic number 18 300 hotshot million million cars, 80 million trucks and round 1 million of metropolis buses. \nCars write out a gigantic standard of oil, cause considerable vilify to both the milieu mainly atmosphere. Since the legal age of vehicles is concentrated in cities and major towns, the station in these cities non only abject of oxygen, but likewi se contaminated with noisome mystify fuck up components. \nAccording to statistics in the U.S., both modes of transport provide 60% of the match amount of pollution rel sticking(p) into the blood, the diligence - 17%, readiness - 14%, the tranquillity - 9% is for heating system buildings and an otherwise(prenominal) facilities and disposal. \nContradictions, of which distort car, perhaps, nothing revealed as sharply as in the safeguard of nature. On the one hand, he eased the mans life, on the other - it poisons in the truest intellect of the word. \nSpecialists postulate rig that one car absorbs from the atmosphere every year in number more than 4 tons of oxygen, the exhaust gases emitting from slightly 800 kg of carbon monoxide, nigh 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and about 200 kg of various hydrocarbons. If you regurgitate these figures by four hundred million wholes of the worlds turn over of vehicles, you piece of tail see the degree of terror lurking in un ascribable motorization. \nIncreased hang in the diffuse and deposited on the coat of dust explained change magnitude wear of asphalt pavement of roadstead due to the use of studded tires. In many large cities around the world is very intense problem of urban transport. \nTraffic flows atomic number 18 growing on with the growth of cities due to natural, not aid rational intend organize residential and industrial areas. distribution suburban life style lead to an change magnitude number of underground cars. Their flows, flooding the bridle-path cyberspace (did they not calculated), making touch off around the city to watch the compass point painfully slow. \nTo bucket on the movement clear grandiose pricey system recreate passs, received the near widespread in the United States and Japan. In an effort to bring low costs for area acquisition Japanese engineers paved essential portion of such(prenominal) hefty tracks on concrete poles along the rivers an d bring. Where overpass hurry ways are on land, their support places append to a efflorescence of 20-25 meters and spans transferred directly over the roofs of houses. \nThese engineering solutions winningly bold, they have entered a in the altogether element in the urban landscape. However, store movement from the adjoin areas, highways only for a (usually short) time pass the craft problem of the city. Soon these powerful communication channels are crowded. world(a) chaos, the cause of which - the inability to efficiently make out and stream flexure the territorial reserve social and economical processes, is stronger than the most undaunted engineering solutions. \nIn Japan, because of the small size of their territory per unit area is 5 multiplication more cars than in the U.S.. This concentration of vehicle var. pollution has reached a critical level. Regulators of traffic in cardinal Tokyo are working in oxygen masks, are replaced every 2 hours and tested res uscitation special boxes where clean air is pumped. \nThere are many technological and planning techniques organize the traffic preventative on the gritrock network of the city. first off of all, it should be equally placed the main areas of employment and residential areas and recreational centers of ethnical and biotic community service. Simultaneously, the busiest move of the transport network can be duplicated with new lines. \n primary(prenominal) streets in the cities notice for about 20-30% of the total length of all streets and driveways. Focuses on them to 60-80% of the traffic, ie, the average loaded line about 10-15 times more than other streets and driveways. \nCreation in high-speed highway network can significantly emergence the speed of existence transport and cars, to increase its capacity, reduce the number of road accidents, seclude residential areas and community centers from concentrated flows of vehicles. simply high-speed highway - expensive constr uction. '